Race as a social construct is a well established concept influencing scholarship since the 1970s. We agree with Eduardo Bonilla-Silva (2018) who described “notions of racial difference [as being]… human creations rather than eternal, essential categories” (p. 8).

We also believe that “the social and experiential context of racial oppression is crucial for understanding racial dynamics, particularly the way that current inequalities are connected to earlier, more overt, practices of racial exclusion” (Taylor, E. 1998, 122).

In this site, we are not analyzing individual expressions of racism as unique acts. Nor are we engaging in a finger pointing exercise that separates heroes from villains in U.S. history. We explore how deeply held beliefs about the inferiority of the Black “race” has influenced the formation of the United States as a nation. We detail how the nation’s laws, conventions, and political system were influenced by White assumptions and fears about Black people to demonstrate how systemic racism has permeated all aspects of U.S. history. As Eduardo Bonilla-Silva (2018) has noted, “we are all affected by racialization and racial ideology” (p. 164).

We also assert that systemic racism has remained “masked” from the dominant population because of its adaptability and subtly of expression in modern American life. This work is intended to encourage an honest conversation — rooted in historical evidence and demonstrated through sociological data — about the horrific effects that systemic racism has had on our nation, our states, our cities, but most importantly, upon us as a “United” people.

Historians have long debated the appropriate way to narrate African American history and have struggled to strike a balance between accurately describing victimization alongside agency. We recognize that this history focuses more on the ways that African Americans have been oppressed. In doing so, we do not intend to discredit the agency and heritage of African Americans. Our purpose is to look at how systemic racism has led to the ongoing struggles we face in the United States today. As such, we highlight the victimization experienced and perpetuated over 400 years of American history.

We are also conscious of the fact that the very narrative of White people versus Black people may, in some ways, reinforce the separation that we trace from 1619 onward. It is not our intention to restrict the narrative to a simple binary. To the extent that Black/White language has been used historically, we rely upon it to demonstrate the centrality that notions of race have played in the formation of the United States.

We have divided the narrative by centuries. We start by tracing the early experience of African Americans in 1619 and overview how racial views from Europe influenced the early structures of governance from the colonies through the founding of the United States to the end of the nineteenth century. While not comprehensive, we explore the ways that attitudes, actions, ideology, and institutions systematically formed the United States into a nation divided between white people and Black people.

We focus on key events that reveal the attitudes, actions, ideologies, and institutions within Missouri and the United States, that demonstrate the ways that racism adapted and infused itself more deeply into the structural framework of the country.

As we look at the history of slavery and race in America – more specifically in St. Louis and Missouri – we are engaging in a debate about ourselves, about what it means to exercise freedom and about what it means to be a citizen of the United States. To quote historian Ira Berlin,

“The tenacious nature of this argument [about slavery] speaks to the centrality of freedom in American life, which, in turn, is embedded in the very meaning of American citizenship as stated in the nation’s founding charters and in its connection to the nation’s most critical contemporary social problem: racism. For the American people, the struggle to abolish slavery, secured by constitutional amendment almost 150 years ago, remains very much alive among us and about us. (p. 1) “

This website and this historical section continue that dialogue. We hope that by elevating this particular story within U.S. history we can more intentionally study the ongoing social/ political/ economic/ cultural struggles we face today. As communities organize to advocate for more economic opportunity, community-based policing, and fair access to health care and education, we all benefit from understanding the systems that contributed to the inequalities and biases experienced today.

We also hope that this overview of systemic racism in St. Louis and Missouri is a first step toward the collaborative effort of creating a more just and democratic community.